How to Plant a Rose

It's easy to forget that down deep, roses are simply prickly shrubs—brambles—cousins to the sprawling, ineradicable blackberry. A rose just wants to be a rose, and the plant's needs are not all that complicated:

1. Lots of sun.

2. Soil that is not boggy and that gets a few inches of nourishing organic material on top every year.

3. An early morning soaking a couple of times a week through the growing season. (Roses need the most water when they're coming into flowering.)

4. Protection from hot afternoon sun and forceful wind.

If you'd like to be ceremonious and take a little more trouble for your roses, in fall, you could prepare a place for a rose plant or two that you plan to buy in spring. Dig in well-rotted cow manure, bark chips, and leaf mold to mellow all winter.

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Sunflower is one of the few crop species that originated in North America (most originated in the fertile crescent, Asia or South or Central America). It was probably a "camp follower" of several of the western native American tribes who domesticated the crop (possibly 1000 BC) and then carried it eastward and southward of North America. The first Europeans observed sunflower cultivated in many places from southern Canada to Mexico.

Sunflower was probably first introduced to Europe through Spain, and spread through Europe as a curiosity until it reached Russia where it was readily adapted. Selection for high oil in Russia began in 1860 and was largely responsible for increasing oil content from 28% to almost 50%. The high-oil lines from Russia were reintroduced into the U.S. after World War II, which rekindled interest in the crop. However, it was the discovery of the male-sterile and restorer gene system that made hybrids feasible and increased commercial interest in the crop.

Production of sunflowers subsequently rose dramatically in the Great Plains states as marketers found new niches for the seeds as an oil crop, a birdseed crop, and as a human snack food. Production in these regions in the 1980s has declined mostly because of low prices, but also due to disease, insect and bird problems. Sunflower acreage is now moving westward into dryer regions; however, 85% of the North American sunflower seed is still produced in North and South Dakota and Minnesota.

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